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Welcome to AREACORE=E2=80= =99s online learning platform about international media systems!
About: Th= e platform provides visual material about media systems in the Middle East = and Europe, researched and compiled by the leading Communication Studies In= stitutes of the respective country.
Content: = You can watch a complete movie of each country (45 min) or navigate between= chapters such as =E2=80=9Emedia history=E2=80=9C, =E2=80=9Elegal framework= =E2=80=9C, =E2=80=9Eownership structure=E2=80=9C or =E2=80=9Esocial media= =E2=80=9C (each 3-10 min). In addition, you can read the script of the lect= ure in Arabic or English and find literature references and charts for furt= her research.
Producers: The platform is compiled by member institutes of AREACORE =E2=80=93 The Arab-European Association of Media and Co= mmunication Researchers . Content has been produced by students and lecturers of the member ins= titutes and is meant to be complemented = by further videos and additional material. It is sponsored by the DAAD =E2= =80=93 German Academic Exchange Service.
Use: Ever= ybody who is interested in learning more and who teaches about internationa= l media systems is invited to use the material of this platform. It can be = shared under a Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC<= /a>. There are several options to use the material:
Video
Script (English)
Mahmoud Galander, Qatar University
download pdf:
The media system predictor is a simple method for understanding and expl= aining the media-government relationship in the Arab World. Based on the el= ements provided in the panes of the model, one may now develop media system= s that will explain better the situation in the Arab world, and that may pr= ovide a better scale for the evaluation of other relevant media systems, li= ke those of Muslim countries. As shown in table 1, the systems adopted are = labeled (1) the socially focused media system, (2) the modernist monarchies= media system, (3) the modernist republics media system and (4) the sociall= y liberal media system. The distinguishing features of each of the sy= stems, which are derived from the interface of the socio-cultural and polit= ical elements of society, are explained in the table.
Table 1: Arab Media Systems Categories & Features
Categori= es Features |
The Socially Focused media syst= em |
The Modernist Monarchies Media System= |
The Modernist Republics Media system<= /strong> |
The Socially Liberal = Media System |
Socio-political |
Strongly Collectivist/ Social structure dicta= tes political structure/strong tribalism. |
Mildly collectivist/ political structure is i= nfluenced by social structure/ tribalism present and dominant to some exten= t |
Mildly collectivist/ political structure is l= ess influenced and not dictated by the social structure / tribalism p= resent but not dominant |
Mildly collectivist/ Political structure is n= ot influenced by the social structure/ tribalism is at its lowest/ |
Religio-cultural |
Predominantly Mono-religious = |
Slightly multi-religious, with more emphasis = on Islam |
Slightly multi-religious/ Islam and other rel= igions equally emphasized. |
Multi-religious |
Communication strategy <= /td> | control-oriented |
Mostly control-oriented |
Mostly control-oriented |
Mostly development-oriented |
Communication System |
Active social networks of communication / Mas= s media supplement the networks
Media regulations and av= ailable/ media self-regulation is practiced |
Social networks more active in rural areas/ M= odern media (mass and social media[1]) dominant in u= rban centers Media regulations available/ punitive actions against th= e media are common. |
Social networks more active in rural areas/ M= odern media (mass and social media) dominant in urban centers Media r= egulations present/ punitive actions against media are common. |
Modern media (mass and social media) are domi= nant/ social networks less active/ Laws exist but are used against th= e media less frequently. |
Media |
Face-to-face styles (Majalis/ mosques) are ac= tive, along modern social media. Classic mass media (Radio/ TV/ newspapers)= are least effective. |
Social (new) media dominant along classic mas= s media. |
Social (new) media most dominant. Classic med= ia are active, but not dominant. |
Social (new) media most dominant. Class= ic mass media are active, but not dominant. |
Content |
No criticism of ruler/ low-level criticism of= officials/ focus on historical heritage and culture. |
No criticism of ruler/ more criticism of non-= royal family officials/ focus on heritage and culture. |
No criticism of ruler. Criticism of all other= levels/ focus on infotainment. |
Criticism for all levels of authority/ Focus = on infotainment. |
Based on the described distinguishing features of each of the four syste= ms, and knowledge of the social, political and cultural characteristics of = the Arab countries[2], we may now place the Arab countries= into the four categories (Table 2). This new classification offers a more = stable scheme, which places Arab countries based on the interaction of the = socio-cultural tenets of society, thus avoiding the inaccurate and-sometime= s faulty- interpretation of politics as the key constituent of media-govern= ment relationship in the region.
Table 2. Classification of Arab Media Systems
The Socially Focused media system |
The Modernist Republics Media system<= /strong> |
The Modernist Monarchies Media System= |
The Socially Liberal = Media System |
Saudi Arabia |
Sudan |
Jordan |
Egypt |
UAE |
Mauritania |
Morocco |
Tunisia |
Qatar |
Syria |
Kuwait |
Yemen |
Oman |
Algeria |
|
Libya |
Bahrain |
Djibouti |
|
Iraq |
|
Somalia?? |
|
Lebanon |
Conclusion:
Using a socio-cultural approach, this article provided a new scheme for = the classification of Arab and other Muslim media systems, in which media g= overnment relations were interpreted based on more than the normative polit= ical setting approach adopted by several scholars. The new scheme identifie= d the social and cultural elements of Arab societies that impact the activi= ties and roles of media. Based on the scheme, four systems were developed, = and Arab countries were categorized into them, according to the pertinent f= eatures suitable for one of the systems; thus providing a scheme that is mo= re stable than William Rugh=E2=80=99s three-and four-tier systems. The sche= me is considered a predictor, as it could be used for identifying the media= system of socially and culturally similar entities like other Muslim socie= ties.
[1] We use the term =E2=80=9CSocial media=E2=80=9D t= o refer to the newest communication media in which mobile and internet tech= nologies are applied: face book, twitter, snapchat, Instagram and so on..= p>
[2] Which Rugh has succinctly identified in his writ= ings on Arab media. See for example (Rugh, 1989).