Lifting the state of emergency, which would abolish the emergency court system, as well as ending the trial of civilians before _al\-_ _mahākim al-'askariyya_, would be a further important step upgrading the rule of law and in balancing the imbalanced separation of power concept in Egypt.\[[54]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftn54\] A clear separation between the judiciary and the executive has still not been achieved. Both the Minister of Defence - as mentioned above - and the Minister of Justice continue to exercise considerable authority over the judiciary.\[__[55]__\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftn55\] If the powers of the President have decreased following the amendments, he still keeps the most important ones, be it in the executive\[__[56]__\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftn56\], legislative\[__[57]__\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftn57\] or even judicial fields where he is the one who nominates the general prosecutor, the presidents of the Court of Cassation and of the Supreme Constitutional Court, and is the head of the council of judicial bodies. Moreover, although the powers of the parliament have increased, it has to be seen whether the two assemblies dominated by the ruling party \_Hizb al-Watanī ad-Dīmuqrātī_ will put substantial modifications in the draft budget to table. Though they were introduced as strengthening the balance of powers,\[[58]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftn58\] the constitutional amendments have not procured major changes in the distribution of powers within the executive authority itself and between the executive and legislative ones. Nevertheless, the reform package could constitute the basis of continuative revisions in the future.
\\
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\----\[[1]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref1] Sarah Wolff, 'Constraints on the Promotion of the Rule of Law in Egypt: Insights from the 2005 Judges' Revolt, _Democratization,_ Volume 16, No. 1, Taylor and Francis Group, London 2009, p. 100 and p. 111.
\]_ \[[2]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref2\] Cf., in more detail, International Crisis Group, \_Reforming Egypt: In Search of a Strategy,_ Middle East / North Africa Report N° 46, International Crisis Group, Cairo / Brussels 4. October 2005.
\[[3]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref3\] Cf. Kristen A. Stilt, 'Constitutional Authority and Subversion: Egypt's New Presidential Election System', \_Indiana International and Comparative Law Review,_ volume 16, issue 2, Indiana University School of Law, Indianapolis, 2006, p. 335; Michael A. Lange, 'Das Ergebnis der ägyptischen Präsidentschaftswahlen', _Kairo News: Wahlen 2005-3 - Ein neues sechsjähriges Mandat für Hosni Mubarak\!,_ Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Länderbüro Kairo, Cairo, 2005, pp. 2-4; Volker Perthes, _Pharaos Wiederwahl: Ägypten auf dem Weg zu politischem Wettbewerb_ (SWP Aktuell 40), Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Berlin, September 2005. See also Vincent Durac, 'The Impact of external actors on the Distribution of Power in the Middle East: The Case of Egypt', _The Journal of North African Studies,_ volume 14, issue 1, Taylor & Francis, London 2009, pp. 75 et seqq. (on p.80).
\[[4]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref4\] See in more detail Michael A. Lange, \_Kairo News: Wahlen 2005-5a - Die ägyptischen Parlamentswahlen 2005 (Der I. Wahlgang),_ Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Länderbüro Kairo, Cairo 2005; Michael A. Lange, _Kairo News: Wahlen 2005-5c - Die ägyptischen Parlamentswahlen 2005 (Der II. Wahlgang),_ Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Länderbüro Kairo, Cairo 2005; Michael A. Lange, _Kairo News: Wahlen 2005-5c - Die ägyptischen Parlamentswahlen 2005 (Der III. Wahlgang),_ Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Länderbüro Kairo, Cairo 2005.
\[[5]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref5\] Maha Abdelrahman, 'The Nationalisation of the Human Rights Debate in Egypt', \_Nations and Nationalism_ (Journal of the Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism), Volume 13, Issue 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007, pp. 285 et seqq. (on p. 296).
\[[6]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref6\] Cf. e.g. 'La révolte des juges égyptiens', \_Le Monde_, Paris, 10 May 2006; Mahmud Mekki / Hisham Bastawisi, 'When Judges are beaten, Democracy in Egypt must grow from the Streets, not be imposed by Western Self-Interest", The Guardian, London, 10 May 2006; See also [Mohamed Abdel Azim|http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=auteurs&obj=artiste&no=12874]<span style="color: windowtext#000000">,</span> <span style="color: windowtext#000000"><strong>'</strong></span><span style="color: windowtext#000000">La naissante pratique démocratique en Egypte: La révolte des juges',</span> <span style="color: windowtext#000000"><em>Actualite Sociale et Politque</em></span><span style="color: windowtext#000000">,</span> <span style="color: #666666">September 2006,</span> <span style="color: black">available at:</span> [http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=article&no=6092|http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=article&no=6092] \[accessed 28 November 2009\].
\[[7]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref7\] Nathan J. Brown / Hesham Nasr, \_Egypt's Judges Step Forward: The Judicial Election Boycott and Egyptian Reform,_ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Outlook - Democracy and Law, Washington D.C. 2005, p. 4.
\[[8]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref8\] Sarah Wolff, 'Constraints on the Promotion of the Rule of Law in Egypt: Insights from the 2005 Judges' Revolt, \_Democratization,_ Volume 16, No. 1, Taylor and Francis Group, London 2009, p. 100 and p. 105; see also Huda Abū Bakr, 'al-qudā: alla{+}d{+}īna istaba'dūnā min al-'ishrāf al-kāmil 'ala ath-intikhābāt min lā'bī al-thalātha waraqāt wa-'ijrā'uhā fī yawm wāhad ma'nāhu at-tazwīr', _Sawt el-'Umma_, No. 317, Cairo, 1 January 2007, p. 2.
\[[9]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref9\] Nathan Brown, \_The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf,_ Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne, 1997, p. 118.
\[[10]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref10\] Tamir Moustafa, 'Law and Resistance in Authoritarian States: The Judicialization of Politics in Egypt' in Tom Ginsburg / Tamir Moustafa (eds.), \_Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes,_ Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / et al., 2008, p. 132 (on p. 146); Nathan Brown, _The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf,_ Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne, 1997, p. 122.
\[[11]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref11\] Clark. B. Lombardi, 'Egypt's Supreme Constitutional Court Managing Constitutional Conflict in an Authoritarian, Aspirationally "Islamic" State', \_The Journal of Comparative Law,_ Volume 3, Issue 2, Wallington 2008, p. 234-237; Tamir Moustafa, _The Struggle for Constitutional Power: Law, Politics, and Economic Development in Egypt,_ Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne / et al., 2007, p. 6 and p. 39.
\[[12]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref12\] Cf. Michael A. Lange, 'Verfassungsänderung durch Referendum bestätigt', \_Kairo News: Wahlen 2005-1,_ Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Länderbüro Kairo, Cairo, June 2005, pp. 2-8.
\[[13]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref13\] See e.g. Sūsan al-Gayār 'Islām Kamāl, 'al-gumhūrīyyat al-khāmisa: 'amiliyat taghīr ni{_}{_}{+}z{+}{_}{_}ām al-hukum fī Masr', Rūz al-Yūsif, Year 82, Issue 4099, Cairo, 30 December 2006, pp. 16-21; Rania Al Malky, 'Constituting Change', \_Egypt Today,_ Cairo, December 2006, pp. 36-41; _Al-Ahram_, nusūs mawadd ad-dustūr allatī talaba ar-ra'īs ta'īlaha...wa-tahdīd falsafa wa-'ahdāf ta'dīl kul māda', Year 131, No. 43850, Cairo, Wednesday 27 January 2007, p. 7; Abdul-Monem Al-Mashat, 'Ägypten', in Rainer Grote, _Demokratie\- und Rechtsstaatsförderung in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit: Einschätzungen aus den Empfängerländern in Afrika, Asien, Lateinamerika und Südosteuropa,_ Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, Sankt Augustin, 2009, pp. 29 et seqq. (pp. 31-34).
\[[14]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref14\] Cf. Al-Ahrām, khutwa tārīkhīya fāsila 'ala tarīq al-'islāh as-siyāsī wa-ad-dīmuqrātī: ar-ra'īs yatlubu min majlisa ash-sha'b wa-ash-shūra ta'dīl 34 mādda min mawādd ad-dustūr, Year 131, No. 43850, Cairo, Wednesday 27 January 2007, p. 1 (see also pp. 2 et seqq.).
\[[15]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref15\] See Ahmad Abd al-Hafī, 'at-ta'dīl ad-dustūrīy wa-'āfāq al-'islāh as-syāsīy min misr', \_Kurāsāt 'Istrātījiyya,_ Volume 25, No. 150, Markaz ad-Dirāsāt as-Syāsiyya wa-l-'Istrātījiyya, Cairo 2005, available at: [http://acpss.ahram.org.eg/ahram/2001/1/1/SB2K34.HTM|http://acpss.ahram.org.eg/ahram/2001/1/1/SB2K34.HTM] \[accessed 4 December 2009\].
\[[16]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref16\] Letter addressed to Parliament by H.E President Muhammad Husnī Mubārak requesting amendments to the Constitution of Egypt, Cairo, 26 December 2006, available at:_ _[http://constitution.sis.gov.eg/ar/html/stat02.htm|http://constitution.sis.gov.eg/ar/html/stat02.htm]_ _\[accessed 12 December 2009\]; hereinafter: Muhammad Husnī Mubārak, \_Risālat ar-Ra'īs Mubārak_ (26 December 2006).
\[[17]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref17\] Cf. Art. 137 of the Constitution.
\[[18]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref18\] Article 144 of the Constitution.
\[[19]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref19\] Article 145 of the Constitution.
\[[20]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref20\] Article 146 of the Constitution.
\[[21]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref21\] Cf. Article 147 of the Constitution.
\[[22]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref22\] Article 108 of the Constitution.
\[[23]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref23\] Article 148 of the Constitution and Article 151 para. 2 of the Constitution.
\[[24]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref24\] Muhammad Husnī Mubārak, \_Risālat ar-Ra'īs Mubārak_ (26 December 2006), op. cit. (note 16).
\[[25]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref25\] As to this context see Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron, 'The 2007 Constitutional Amendments in Egypt, and their Implications on the Balance of Power', \_Arab Law Quarterly_, Volume 22, No. 4, Brill, Leiden, 2008, pp. 397 et seqq. (on p. 401 et seq.).
\[[26]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref26\] Muhammad Husnī Mubārak, \_Risālat ar-Ra'īs Mubārak_ (26 December 2006), op. cit. (note 16).
\[[27]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref27\] Articles 5, 6, 48, 62, 76, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 160, 163, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 196, 197, 198, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 and 211 of the Constitution.
\[[28]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref28\] Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron, 'The 2007 Constitutional Amendments in Egypt, and their Implications on the Balance of Power', \_Arab Law Quarterly_, Volume 22, No. 4, Brill, Leiden, 2008, pp. 397 et seqq. (on p. 404).
\[[29]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref29\] The Supreme Constitutional Court had identified two criteria for law to be considered complementary to the Constitution. See al-Mahkama ad-Dustūriyya al-'Ulyā, Case 7/8e, 15 May 1993, \_Collection of Decisions of the Supreme Constitutional Court,_ vol. 5, part 2, p. 290; and also Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron, _Le politique à l'épreuve du judiciaire: la justice constitutionnelle en Egypte,_ Bruylant, Brussels, 2003.
\[[30]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref30\] Al-Mahkama ad-Dustūriyya al-'Ulyā, Case No. 153/21e, June 2000, \_Collection of Decisions of the Supreme Constitutional Court,_ vol. 9, p. 582.
\[[31]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref31\] In more detail Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron, 'The 2007 Constitutional Amendments in Egypt, and their Implications on the Balance of Power', \_Arab Law Quarterly_, Volume 22, No. 4, Brill, Leiden, 2008, pp. 397 et seqq. (on p. 404).
\[[32]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref32\] Muhammad Husnī Mubārak, \_Risālat ar-Ra'īs Mubārak_ (26 December 2006), op. cit. (note 16).
\[[33]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref33\] Adel Omar Sherif, 'Separation of Powers and Judicial Independence in Constitutional Democracies: The Egyptian and American Experiences, in Eugene Cotran / Adel Omar Sherif, \_Democracy, the Rule of Law and Islam_ (CIMEL Book Series No. 6)_,_ Kluwer Law International, London, The Hague / Boston, 1999, pp. 25 et seqq. (on p. 34).
\[[34]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref34\] For the text of the draft law see \_al-Misrī al-Yawm_, Cairo, 20 November 2007.
\[[35]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref35\] Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron, 'The 2007 Constitutional Amendments in Egypt, and their Implications on the Balance of Power', \_Arab Law Quarterly_, Volume 22, No. 4, Brill, Leiden, 2008, pp. 397 et seqq. (on p. 406).
\[[36]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref36\] Mohamed S. Abdel Wahab, \_An Overview of the Egyptian Legal System and Legal Research,_ December 2008, <span style="color: black">available at:</span> <span style="color: #666666"><span class="nobr"><a href="http://www.nyulawglobal.org/Globalex/Egypt1.htm#_6._The_Judicial" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">http://www.nyulawglobal.org/Globalex/Egypt1.htm#_6._The_Judicial<sup><img class="rendericon" src="/images/icons/linkext7.gif" height="7" width="7" align="absmiddle" alt="" border="0"/></sup></a></span><.htm#_6._The_Judicial">http://www.nyulawglobal.org/Globalex/Egypt1.htm#_6._The_Judicial</a></span> \[accessed 16 December 2009\].
\[[37]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref37\] Clark B. Lombardi, 'Egypt's Supreme Constitutional Court: Managing Constitutional Conflict in an Authoritarian, Aspirationally 'Islamic' State', \_The Journal of Comparative Law,_ Vol. III, issue 2, The Association for Comparative Legal Studies Limited, Wallington, 2000, p. 234.
\[[38]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref38\] Kristen A. Stilt, 'Constitutional Authority and Subversion: Egypt's New Presidential Election System', \_Indiana International and Comparative Law Review,_ volume 16, issue 2, Indiana University School of Law, Indianapolis, 2006, pp. 335 et seqq. (on p. 341); Adel Omar Sherif, 'Constitutional Law', in Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron / Badouin Dupret (eds.), _Egypt and its Laws_ (Arab and Islamic Law Series, Volume 22), Kluwer Law International, The Hague / London / New York, 2002, pp. 315 et seqq. (on p. 323); Adel Omar Sherif, 'The Rule of Law in Egypt from a Judicial Perspective: A Digest of the Landmark Decisions of the Supreme Constitutional Court' in Eugene Cotran / Mai Yamani, I.B. Tauris Publishers, London / New York 2000, p. 1; Omaia Elwan, 'Überblick über die Entwicklung des ägyptischen Staatsrechts seit den 70er Jahren', _Verfassung und Recht in Übersee,_ volume 23, issue 3, Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden / Hamburg, 1990, p. 297 et seqq. (on p. 314); Gunter Mulack, 'Die neue ägyptische Verfassung', _Verfassung und Recht in Übersee,_ volume 5, issue 2, Hamburg / Baden-Baden 1972, pp. 187-194.
\[[39]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref39\] Published in al-Mahkama ad-Dustūriyya al-'Ulyā, al-juz' 'al-awwal, wathā'iq 'inshā' al-mahkama al-Ahkām allatī asdarathā hatta 30 yūnyū sanat 1981, Gumhūrīyat Misr al-'Arabiyya, Cairo 1981, pp. 69-94.
\[[40]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref40\] Clark. B. Lombardi, 'Egypt's Supreme Constitutional Court Managing Constitutional Conflict in an Authoritarian, Aspirationally "Islamic" State', \_The Journal of Comparative Law,_ Volume 3, Issue 2, Wallington 2008, pp. 234 et seqq. (on p. 236); Clark B. Lombardi, _State Law as Islamic Law in Modern Egypt: Inccoperation of the Sharī'a into Egyptian Constitutional Law_ (Studies in Islamic Law and Society, Volume 19)_,_ Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden / Boston, 2006, p. 144; Aziza Fahmi, 'Verfassungsrecht Arabischer Staaten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Ägyptens', in Ulrich Battis / Philip Kunig / Ingolf Pernice / Albrecht Randelzhofer (eds.), Das Grundgesetz im Prozeß europäischer und globaler Verfassungsentwicklung / Internationales Symposium zum 50-jährigen Bestehen des Grundgesetzes am 14. und 15. Mai 1999, Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 2000, pp. 189 et seqq. (on p. 214).
\[[41]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref41\] As to the text of Law No. 48 of 1979, see \_al-Jarīda ar-Rasmiyya_ \[Offical Gazette\], No. 36, Cairo, 9 June 1979, pp. 530-538.
\[[42]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref42\] Adel Omar Sherif, 'Constitutional Adjudication' in Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron / Badouin Dupret (eds.), \_Egypt and its Laws_ (Arab and Islamic Law Series, Volume 22), Kluwer Law International, The Hague / London / New York, 2002, pp. 325 et seqq. (on p. 326); Adel Omar Sherif, 'The Rule of Law in Egypt from a Judicial Perspective: A Digest of the Landmark Decisions of the Supreme Constitutional Court' in Eugene Cotran / Mai Yamani, I.B. Tauris Publishers, London / New York 2000, p. 1; Omaia Elwan, 'Überblick über die Entwicklung des ägyptischen Staatsrechts seit den 70er Jahren', _Verfassung und Recht in Übersee,_ volume 23, issue 3, Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden / Hamburg, 1990, p. 297 et seqq. (on p. 314).
\[[43]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref43\] See, for example, Adel Omar Sherif, 'Constitutional Adjudication', in Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron / Badouin Dupret (eds.), \_Egypt and its Laws_ (Arab and Islamic Law Series, Volume 22), Kluwer Law International, The Hague / London / New York, 2002, pp. 325 et seqq. (pp. 339-400).
\[[44]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref44\] Clark B. Lombardi, \_State Law as Islamic Law in Modern Egypt: Inccoperation of the Sharī'a into Egyptian Constitutional Law_ (Studies in Islamic Law and Society, Volume 19)_,_ Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden / Boston, 2006, p. 148.
\[[45]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref45\] Nathan Brown, \_The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf,_ Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne, 1997, p. 118; Clark B. Lombardi, _State Law as Islamic Law in Modern Egypt: Inccoperation of the Sharī'a into Egyptian Constitutional Law_ (Studies in Islamic Law and Society, Volume 19)_,_ Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden / Boston, 2006, p. 148.
\[[46]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref46\] Nathan Brown, \_The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf,_ Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne, 1997, p. 119.
\[[47]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref47\] Al-Mahkama ad-Dustūriyya al-'Ulyā, Constitutional Case No. 26, Year 15, Cairo, 2 December 1995.
\[[48]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref48\] Baber Johansen, 'Supra-legislative Norms and Constitutional Courts: The Case of France and Egypt' in Eugen Cotran / Adel Omar Sherif (eds.), \_The Role of the Judiciary and the Protection of Human Rights_ (CIMEL Book Series No. 5), Kluwer Law International, The Hague 1997, 347 et seqq. (on p. 365).
\[[49]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref49\] Al-Ahkām allatī asdarathā al-Mahkama min yanāyir 1984 hattā dīsambar sanat 1986, Dār al-Hannā li'l-Tabā'a, Cairo 1994, p. 4.
\[[50]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref50\] Cf., for example, Al-Ahkām allatī asdarathā al-Mahkama min Uktūbar 1981 hattā Dīsambar sanat 1983, Dār al-Hannā li-t-Tabā'a, Cairo, no date, p. 131, p. 144; Al-Ahkām allatī asdarathā al-Mahkama min yanāyir 1984 hattā dīsambar sanat 1986, Dār al-Hannā li-t-Tabā'a, Cairo 1994, p. 360; Al-Ahkām allatī asdarathā al-Mahkama min yanāyir 1987 hattā'āhar yunyū sanat 1991, Matābi' Dār Akkhbār al-Yawm, Cairo, no date, pp. 98 et seqq.
\[[51]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref51\] See, for example, Supreme Constitutional Court's Deputy Chief Justice's article: Adel Omar Sherif, 'Constitutional Law' in Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron / Badouin Dupret (eds.), \_Egypt and its Laws_ (Arab and Islamic Law Series, Volume 22), Kluwer Law International, The Hague / London / New York, 2002, pp. 315 et seqq. (pp. 318-319).
\[[52]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref52\] Bahey eldin Hassan, 'The Human Rights Dilemma in Egypt: Political Will or Islam?' in Hatem Elliesie (ed.), \_Beiträge zum Islamischen Recht VII: Islam und Menschenrechte / Islam and Human Rights /_ _al-'Islām wa-Huqūq al-'Insān,_ Peter Lang Publishing Group, Berlin / Frankfurt am Main / New York / Oxford / et al., 2010 \[in print\]; Tamir Moustafa, 'Law and Resistance in Authoritarian States: The Judicialization of Politics in Egypt' in Tom Ginsburg / Tamir Moustafa (eds.), _Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes,_ Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / et al., 2008, p. 132 (on p. 153).
\[[53]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref53\] Tamir Moustafa, 'Law and Resistance in Authoritarian States: The Judicialization of Politics in Egypt' in Tom Ginsburg / Tamir Moustafa (eds.), \_Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes,_ Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / et al., 2008, p. 132 (on p. 151 et seqq.); Yustina Saleh, 'Law, the Rule of Law, and Religious Minorities in Egypt', _Middle East Review of International Affairs,_ volume 8, issue 4, December 2004, p. 74 et seqq. (on p. 81); Nathan Brown, _The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf,_ Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne, 1997, p. 114.
\[[54]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref54\] Likewise: Michelle Dunne, \_Evaluating Egyptian Reform_ (Carnegie Papers, No. 66), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington D.C., January 2006, p. 12.
\[[55]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref55\] See also Adel Omar Sherif, 'Separation of Powers and Judicial Independence in Constitutional Democracies: The Egyptian and American Experiences, in Eugene Cotran / Adel Omar Sherif, \_Democracy, the Rule of Law and Islam_ (CIMEL Book Series No. 6)_,_ Kluwer Law International, London, The Hague / Boston, 1999, pp. 25 et seqq. (on p. 35 and pp. 38 et seqq.).
\[[56]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref56\] See Article 137, Article 148 and Article 150 of the Constitution.
\[[57]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref57\] See Article 108, Article 109, Article 112, Article 113 of the Constitution.
\[[58]\|http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/#_ftnref58\] Muhammad Husnī Mubārak, \_Risālat ar-Ra'īs Mubārak_ (26 December 2006), op. cit. (note 16). |