Versionen im Vergleich

Schlüssel

  • Diese Zeile wurde hinzugefügt.
  • Diese Zeile wurde entfernt.
  • Formatierung wurde geändert.

...

Deck of Cards
startHiddenfalse
historyfalse
idGeneral Information
effectTypeslide
loopCardstrue
Card
idVideo1
labelVideo
effectTypeslide

Chapter five: Media Use

Video player
Height324
IdIraq 5
Filehttp://medien.cedis.fu-berlin.de/int_komm/Film_Mediensystem/Film Iraq/05_Media Use.mp4
Width576

 

Card
idtry1
labelScript English
titletry here
effectTypeslide
 

Eng. Diaa Algariri, communication and internet expert

Before 2003, internet use was limited to e-mail and simple internet services. There were few internet cafes operated by the Ministry of Communications and the General Company for International Network Services.

After 2003, there was rapid development and openness towards the spread of the internet in Iraq. Internet services covered most of Iraq using optical cable technology, 3G, wireless and fixed broadband.

Different companies distributed Internet to subscribers, as a subcontractor to the Iraqi Ministry of Communications, which owns the supplies of optical cable within the country and is responsible for determining the capacity.

The infrastructure is under the exclusive responsibility and ownership of the Ministry of Communications. The number of subscribers for internet services with licensed mobile companies is approximately 4.250.000, the number of online users that are subscribed with fixed broadband companies is estimated to be 250.000 and the subscribers with the State Company for Internet Services are 168.000 subscribers.

E-governance has been adopted by the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Communications. The government issued decree number 46 to apply electronic governance for all departments, ministries and institutions, in cooperation with the Communications and Media Commission.

However, the process in the past five years has been very slow, except some simple applications in some ministries, and the e-service that allows citizens to submit complains. Through the websites (ca.iq ، eqs.iq ), these complains are then presented to the relevant governmental bodies.

The first mobile company was “Iraqna”, then “Atheer” company joined the market. The two were merged at a later stage into “Zain Iraq”. About 12.5 Million Iraqis are subscribed to this network. 11 Million are subscribed to “Asia cell” mobile company, and 10 Million to “Korek” mobile company.

I use a lot Instagram, but many citizens use Facebook, for me Facebook spreads sectarianism, gossip, problems, disputes, while Instagram is a better website, more organized and not used by many.

Twitter, because on Twitter there are real people, not fake. It also allows you to have one account only, and if you create a fake account, twitter will discover that.

Facebook allows me to follow on the various issues in the world, as well as communicating with my friends through the messaging feature.

Facebook, even though its cons are more than it pros, and despite its promotion of sectarianism and abuse.

Instagram, because all my friends are not there.

Facebook, it allows me to communicate with others, especially in other countries.

Facebook, Instagram, and whatsapp, because my friends are there.

The most used site is Facebook, but it has disadvantages and advantages. It helps to rally for the public opinion. While the disadvantages, include the risk of exposing Twitter users, for example, to legal repercussions by politicians or by individuals, for cases of defamation and libel. Many of them face trials, or tribal prosecutions and some of them were even killed.

There are many legal cases that reached the courts, because of practices on Social Network Sites.

We hope that these sites employ technicians who will prevent sectarian sentiments on Social Networking Sites.

There are users of these websites that are undisciplined, sectarian, and young. These are the disadvantages of these websites.

Card
idtry1
labelScript Arabic
effectTypeslide

كان العراق قبل 2003 مقتصر على خدمات البريد الالكتروني وخدمات الانترنت البسيطة اضافة الى بعض مقاهي الانترنت المنتشرة هنا وهناك تابعة لوزارة الاتصالات/الشركة العامة لخدمات الشبكة الدولية.

بعد 2003 حصل تطور سريع وانفتاح كبير في انتشار الانترنت في العراق وكانت الخدمة تقريبا تغطي عموم العراق بأستخدام تقنيات الكيبل الضوئي، 3G، الوايرليس، اللاسلكي الثابت.

كانت الشركات توزع للمشتركين لكن عبر وزارة الاتصالات العراقية التي تملك الامدادات الخاصة بالكيبل الضوئي داخل البلد وهي المسؤولة عن تحديد الانترنت في هذا الكيبل.

البنى التحتية تقع ضمن عمل وزارة الاتصالات والتي تمتلكه حصرا وهي المسؤولة عن ادارته، عدد المشتركين بالنسبة لشركات الهواتف النقالة المرخصة يبلغ تقريبا (4.250.000) مشترك، اما مستخدمي الانترنت لشركات اللاسلكي الثابت يقدر بحوالي (250.000) مشترك اما مشتركي الشركة العامة لخدمات الشبكة الدولية (168.000) الف مشترك.

اما بالنسبة للحوكمة الالكترونية فقد تم تبني من قبل وزارة العلوم والتكنولوجيا بالتعاون مع وزارة الاتصالات بالامر من مجلس الوزراء بالرقم 46 بالتعاون مع هيئة الاعلام والاتصالات ان يكون هناك حوكمة الكترونية لكل الدوائر والوزارات والمؤسسات، لكن كانت هناك تلكأ من حيث كان هذا من خمس سنوات مضت لكن هناك هناك تطبيق بسيط في الوزارات التي قامت باطلاق حكومة الكترونية لتسهيل الاجراءات للمواطنين وكذلك قامت الامانة العامة باطلاق خدمة شكاوى المواطنين عبر برنامج حوكمة المواطن الكترونية، هذا البرنامج يعرض الشكاوى على الجهات المعنية عبر المواقع ( ca.iq ، eqs.iq ) هذا للشكاوى البسيطة للمواطنين.

اما بخصوص شركات الهواتف النقالة فكانت هناك شركة (عراقنا) اول شركة اطلقت لمشتركيها الخدمة بعدها كانت هناك شركة (اثير) حيث دمجت الشركتين واصبحت شركة (زين العراق) يبلغ عدد مشتركي الهواتف النقالة بهذه الشبكة مايقدر (12.500,000) مشترك وبعدها تأتي شركة (اسياسل) التي يقدر مشتركيها (11,000,000) مشترك اما شركة (كورك) فتصل تقريباَ الى (10,000,000) مشترك في العراق.

لقاءات الطلبة

  • المواقع الاجتماعية التي استخدمها كثيراً الانستغرام، الموطنين يستخدمون الفيس بوك، انا ارى الفيس يشيع الطائفية، ثرثرة، مشاكل، خصامات، الانستغرام اجدة موقع افضل، ومنظم، ولا يستخدمة اي احد.
  • تويتر.. لان التويتر فية شخصيات حقيقية، ليس فية شخصيات مزيفة، وكذلك يتيح لك حساب واحد، وفي حالة كونت حساب مزيف سوف يكشفة  التويتر.
  • الفيس بوك، يتيح لي الاطلاع على مختلف القضايا بالعالم كذلك التواصل مع اصدقائي من خلال خاصية الرسائل.
  • الفيس بوك، على الرغم من مضاره اكثر من مميزاته، لانه يروج للطائفية والشتم، والاساءة.
  • الانسنتغرام، لان جميع اصدقائي له يملكون حسابات به.
  • الفيس بوك، يتيح لي التواصل اكثر مع الاخرين وبالاخص في بلدان اخرى.
  • الفيس بوك والانستغرام والواتس أب، فيها اصدقائي.
  • الفيس بوك اكثر موقع استخدمه، لكن له سلبيات ومميزات، المميزات خاصة بعد الثورة الاصلاحية التي حدثت هنا، تحشيد الرأي العام، اما مضاره فاصبح مستخدمي تويتر مثلا عرضة للمسائلة القانونية من قبل السياسين او من قبل افراد، بسبب حالات التشهير، القذف، اصبحو اليوم مطاردين وهناك شكاوى سجلت في المحاكم البعض تعرضو الى ملاحقات عشائرية ومنهم من قتل بسبب هذه المشاكل، فهناك بعض الدعاوى في المحاكم بسبب مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.

نتمنى ان يكون تقنين لهذه المواقع لعدم أفتعال النعرات الطائفية عبر مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.

أكثر المستخدمين لهذه المواقع هم غير منضبطين، طائفية، وصغار بالسن، وهذه هي سلبيات هذه المواقع.

 

Card
idLM2
labelSources & Additional Learning Material
effectTypeslide

 

...

Deck of Cards
startHiddenfalse
historyfalse
idMedia Politics
effectTypeslide
loopCardstrue
Card
idVideo1
labelVideo
effectTypeslide

Chapter six: Media Politics

Video player
Height324
IdIraq 6
Filehttp://medien.cedis.fu-berlin.de/int_komm/Film_Mediensystem/Film Iraq/06_Media Politics.mp4
Width576

 

Card
idtry1
labelScript English
titletry here
effectTypeslide
 

Freedom of press and expression in Iraq haven’t met yet the international-western standards. What exists in Iraq is the pluralism of media, which reflects the partisan, ethnic and religious pluralism.

These media outlets do not work freely, they often face harassment from the different political parties, who are also part of the confused scenery in Iraq, which suffers from instability and foreign interventions, making journalists risk their and their family lives if they reveal facts related to the widespread corruption. 

Since 2003, over 700 journalists were killed in Iraq, and that reduced massively the presence of international media, especially foreign journalists.

Article 36 of the Iraqi constitution guaranteed the freedom of press and expression.

Firstly: The freedom of expression by all means.

Secondly: The freedom of press, print, advertising, media and publishing.

Although these freedoms are guaranteed by the Constitution, the Iraqi journalists face many difficulties in ensuring objective and neutral media coverage. Many governmental bodies apply restrictions on media institutions or try to forcefully prevent journalists from covering events. This is usually practiced in the name of protecting the country from media discourse that threatens the social fabric, and the unity of the different factions and ethnicities. In some cases, the Communications and Media Commission, which is a government body, have suspended or closed Iraqi satellite channels under this pretext or other.

The Constitution also stipulates a complete and absolute freedom of the press as an essential part of freedom of expression, but this constitutional provision adopted in 2005 did not translate into legislation. The only law that protects Iraqi journalists was passed in 2011.

Its fourth article states:

 “Journalists have the right to obtain information, news, data and statistics, which are not restricted from their different sources and have the right to publish them in accordance to the law.”

Many journalists and media activists objected against this article, and considered it a violation of freedom of expression.

They have also objected against Article 6 of the same law, which states: “Journalists have the right of access to reports, information and official releases, and related entities must enable them to have access to them and make use of them unless the disclosure of the mentioned material is harmful to public order and is in conflict with the law.” Objectors state that this article blocks the full freedom, and prevents publishing any information about administrative or financial corruption, and it also may allow putting journalists on trial, based on the Iraqi Criminal Laws related to libel.

Article 7 of the same Law states: “The tools of journalistic work should not be intercepted except in accordance to the law.” Objectors say this article allows the confiscation of equipment for various reason.

The same goes for Article 8: “Journalists may not be questioned or harmed for their opinions or information they publish, unless their action was against the law.” Objectors agree that this article does not provide protection for journalists, because any free journalistic work, is a violation of the law.

These laws, are added to the authority’s decision number 14 from 2003, which gave the prime minister the authority to close any media institution, confiscate its equipment and money, and even imprison its staff.

Dr. Muhsen Aboud Kashkul

Social Network Sites have special presence in Iraq. Facebook is very popular among Iraqis. People use it to discuss different issues, especially political, considering the free space it offers.

The recent judiciary's decision to consider Facebook a media outlet, does not hold a legal status, since Facebook, on the one hand, is not a media institution registered in Iraq according to the Iraqi law, and on the other hand, is originally a US site, located outside the jurisdiction of the Iraqi judiciary.

Not to mention the possibilities of hacking of some pages that puts the owners under legal liability.

We do not deny the citizens right to be protected against attempts of defamation or insults and slander, as we also do not deny the need to protect the society from the infiltration of hate speech and extremism, but we believe that in principle, this conflicts with the right of access to information and media freedoms.

Adding to this, our apprehension of the political exploitation of such decision will have a negative impact on media pluralism.So when publishing materials, there must be a professional and objective control, under moral standards. Recognizing the right of the media to know everything, should not mean saying anything. The choice to publish should take into consideration the specificity of the society and the nature of its problems.

 
Card
idtry1
labelScript Arabic
effectTypeslide
 

Card
idLM2
labelSources & Additional Learning Material
effectTypeslide

 

Chapter 7: Ownership structure

back to top

...

startHiddenfalse
historyfalse
idMedia Politics
effectTypeslide
loopCardstrue
Card
idVideo1
labelVideo
effectTypeslide

Chapter 7: Ownership Structure

Video player
Height324
IdIraq 8
Filehttp://medien.cedis.fu-berlin.de/int_komm/Film_Mediensystem/Film Iraq/08_Ownership Structure.mp4
Width576

 

Card
idtry1
labelScript English
titletry here
effectTypeslide
 

The oil sector dominates the Iraqi economy, as it provides nearly 95% of its income. Iraq was a founding member of OPEC and began the oil industry in 1925. It is considered a rich country, where its oil reserves come second after Saudi Arabia’s reserves, and it is estimated to be 150 billion barrels. The major part of the oil reserves is concentrated in the southern regions and it amounts to 71% of the total reserves, while the reserves in the the center and north of the country are estimated to be 12%.

Interview with Dr. Kazem Almeqdadi

Iraqi media is financed by many sources. The main source is the religious parties, which are financed by regional countries, in particular Iran. It funds some of the Iraqi satellite channels that represent the so-called political Islam, and those approach only one sect.

There is also the financing by Iraqi businessmen, who own banks, or have wealth. These businessmen own many of the satellite channels and usually direct their messages to the politicians aiming to blackmail them, so they can get contracts for mega projects, or a political position.

Even though the Iraqi economy depends on oil, this economy did not contribute to the finance of the Iraqi media, i.e. the national economy. Unfortunately, the only case is the case of the Al-Iraqiya and the Iraqi Media Network, that receive funding from the state. The rest of the media, receive suspicious funding, meaning that they do not serve the national Iraqi interest.

 

*******************************************

There is no red line imposed on the ownership of media in Iraq, however, in reality it is the capital who controls the media. The capital has become powerful after 2003, especially the political, partisan and religious capital. Those who have this power, are the ones who establish media outlets.

 

Worth noting, most media outlets that emerged after 2003, were means to promote factional, partisan, political and religious interests, which made its coverage unprofessional. However, many known journalists established their own media outlets and were appreciated and distinguished by Iraqis for their professionalism. This was not the case with media outlets that were established by people who have no relation to the profession of journalism and all what they have is their money and power. 

 

Saa’d Albazzaz, head of the Independent Media Group.

He was born in Nineveh governorate in 1952. He is an Iraqi journalist and a business man, who left to London in 1992, after a dispute with the old Iraqi regime, in which he held many media positions, including the vice head of the journalists’ syndicate, who was at the time Uday Saddam Hussein. He established “Azzaman” newspaper in London, which was an opponent to the regime, and established the satellite channel “Al Sharqiya” in 2004, which developed into various TV channels.

Fakhri Karim, head of Almada Institute for Culture and Arts

He is an Iraqi Kurd, born in 1942. He established a publishing house called “Ibn Elshaa’b” in 1959. In 1970, he was elected as the head of the journalists’ syndicate. In 1983, he established “Almada Institute for Culture and Arts” in Damascus, as a pan Arab cultural institute. His media institution owns today a radio station, TV channel and a widely spread daily newspaper and they are all called “Almada”.

A’wn Hussain Alkhashluk, head of Al Baghdadia

He is an Iraqi business man born in 1961 in the city of Qalat Sukkar in Dhi Qar governorate. He left Iraq in 1979 and received his PhD in civil engineering. He founded “Alkhashluk” Investment Group, which operates in Europe, USA, Britain, Africa, UAE and Turkey. He owns Al Baghdadia channel, which is considered one of the most important Iraqi channels.

Nuri al-Maliki, an Iraqi politician, holds a bachelor's degree from the Faculty of Theology in Baghdad and a master's degree in Arabic from the University of Salahaddin in Erbil. After the decision of the former regime to ban the Da’wa Party, he fled to Syria. After the occupation of Iraq, he became the prime minister in 2006, and he supervises “Afaq” channel.

Ammar Abdul Aziz Mohsen Hakim, an Iraqi politician and cleric, born in 1971. He is the grandson of the religious figure, Mohsen al-Hakim, the Shiite cleric. He left Iraq in 1979 with his father and studied at a secondary school in the Iranian capital of Tehran. Then completed his university studies in the city of Qom, where he earned a law degree. He supervises “Al Forat”, a prominent Iraqi satellite channel.

Ali Asem Aljanabi, head of “Al Rasheed institute for media services”

He was born in Baghdad in 1964. Holds a master’s degree in economy. He is the brother of Saa’d Asem Aljanabi, a well-known politician who heads the Iraqi Republican Assembly, and also runs many companies, in addition to being the original founder of Al Rashid.

Al Rashid institute operates Al Rashid TV channel, which was established in January 6th, 2009, and Al Rashid radio stations in Baghdad, Basra, Nineveh and Kirkuk.

Card
idtry1
labelScript Arabic
effectTypeslide
 

يعد العراق من البلدان التي لم تصل لحد الان الى حرية الصحافة والتعبير بمعاييرها الدولية المعروفة وبمفهومها الغربي، والذي يوجد في العراق هو تعددية لوسائل الإعلام تعكس التعددية الحزبية والعرقية والدينية.

ولا تعمل هذه الوسائل بحرية كاملة وانما تواجه في العراق مضايقات من الأطراف السياسية التي هي جزء من المشهد السياسي المرتبك الذي لازال بعيدا عن الاستقرار ويعاني من التدخلات الخارجية، ولاسيما الاقليمية منها، مما جعل الصحفي يخاطر أحياناً بحياته وربما بحياة عائلته إذا غامر في كشف بعض الحقائق لاسيما ما يتعلق بالفساد المالي والإداري المتفشي.

حيث قتل في العراق لحد الآن أكثر من (700) صحفي منذ عام 2003، مما سبب في انحسار كبير للتواجد الإعلامي الدولي على صعيد الصحفيين الأجانب بسبب المخاوف من خطورة العمل في بيئة غير مستقرة امنيا.

وفيما يخص الحرية العامة للتعبير والصحافة فالنظام السياسي في العراق قد اقر ضمن دستوره الذي كفله في المادة (36).

أولا: حرية التعبير عن الرأي بكل الوسائل.

ثانياَ: حرية الصحافة والطباعة والإعلان والإعلام والنشر

وبالرغم من هذه الحرية التي كفلها الدستور، لكن الصحفيين العراقيين يواجهون مصاعب حقيقة من اجل تأمين تغطية إعلامية موضوعية وحيادية، فهناك تقييد لعمل المؤسسات الإعلامية ومحاولة إبعاد الصحفيين بالإكراه عن متابعة الحدث من جهات عديدة حكومية تعمل تحت لافتة حماية البلد من الخطاب الاعلامي الذي يهدد النسيج الاجتماعي ويفتت وحدة اطيافه واعراقه المختلفة، اذ قامت هيئة الإعلام والاتصالات وهي هيئة حكومية بتعليق عمل بعض القنوات الفضائية العراقية وغلق أخرى تحت هذه الذريعة او تلك.

كما نص الدستور على حرية كاملة ومطلقة للصحافة بوصفها جزءاَ أساسيا من حرية التعبير، لكن هذا النص الدستوري الذي اقُر عام (2005) لم يترجم إلى تشريع والقانون الوحيد الذي اقر هو قانون حماية الصحفيين العراقيين في عام2011 الذي تنص مادته الرابعة:

أولا: "للصحفيين حق الحصول على المعلومات والأنباء والبيانات والإحصائيات غير المحظورة من مصادرها المختلفة وله الحق في نشرها بحدود القانون"، وقد اعترض صحفيون كثيرون وناشطون في المجال الاعلامي على هذه المادة وعدوها انتهاكا لحرية التعبير بصورة عامة.

وامتد اعتراضهم ايضا الى المادة السادسة من القانون نفسه التي نصت في أولا منها انه "للصحفيين حق الإطلاع على التقارير والمعلومات والبيانات الرسمية وعلى الجهة المعنية تمكينه من الإطلاع عليها والاستفادة منها، ما لم يكن إفشاؤها يشكل ضرراً في النظام العام ويخالف أحكام القانون"، متهمين هذه المادة بانها لا تسمح بحرية كاملة للإعلام، فهي تمنع أي معلومات تنشر عن الفساد الإداري والمالي بل وتحاكم الصحفيين وفقاً لمواد التشهير الجنائي من قانون العقوبات العراقي.

اما المادة سابعاَ من القانون نفسه التي جاء فيها انه: "لا يجوز التعرض إلى أدوات عمل الصحفيين إلا بحدود القانون" فأكد المعترضون على القانون انها مادة تجيز مصادرة المعدات لشتى الأسباب.

وكذلك الحال بالنسبة للمادة ثامنا التي نصت على انه "لا يجوز مساءلة الصحفي عما يبديه من رأي أو نشر معلومات صحفية وان لا يكون ذلك سبباً للإضرار بهم ما لم يكن فعله مخالفاً للقانون"، واجمع المعترضون على ان هذه المادة لا توفر أي حماية للصحفيين، لان أي ممارسة لعمل صحفي حر هو مخالفة للقوانين.

ويضاف لهذه القوانيين أمر سلطة الائتلاف المؤقتة ذي الرقم 14 لسنة 2003 الذي يخص النشاط الإعلامي المحظور الذي منح الصلاحية لرئيس الوزراء بغلق أي وسيلة إعلامية ومصادرة معداتها وأموالها بل وسجن العاملين فيها.

لقاء أ.م.د. محسن عبود كشكول

لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي حضور متميز في العراق ولموقع الفيس بوك تداول كبير بين العراقيين على مستوى تناول مختلف القضايا، لاسيما منها السياسة بسبب فضاء الحرية الذي ينبغي ان تكون فيه الحرية مسؤولة.

قرار السلطة القضائية الاخير بعتبار موقع الفيس بوك من وسائل الإعلام كان قراراً لايحمل الصفة القانونية.كونه ليس بمؤسسة إعلامية مسجلة على وفق القانون العراقي، هذا من جهة ومن جهة اخرى هو موقع امريكي المنشأ يقع خارج الاختصاص المكاني للقضاء العراقي.

ناهيك عن امكانيات الاختراق والسرقة لبعض الصفحات التي تضع اصحابها بمواجهة المسألة القانونية دون وجه حق.

نحن لانعترض على حق المواطن في الحماية من اي مظاهر تشويه السمعة كالسبب والشتم والقذف مثلما لانعترض ايضاعلى ضرورة حماية المجتمع من تسلل خطاب الكراهية والتطرف، لكننا نرى من حيث المبدأ ان ذلك يتعارض مع حق الوصول الى المعلومة والتجاوز على الحريات الإعلامية. فضلاَ عن خشيتنا من الاستغلال السياسي للقرار بما ينعكس سلبا على التعددية الاعلامية.

اذن لابد من وضع ضوابط موضوعية ومهنية ذات ابعاد اخلاقية للمضامين المنشورة فعند الاقرار بحق الاعلامي في معرفة كل شيء لابد من التأكيد على انه ليس من حقه قول اي شيء بل يجب اختيار المادة الإعلامية بشكل يراعي خصوصية المجتمع وطبيعة مشكلاته.

Card
idLM2
labelSources & Additional Learning Material
effectTypeslide


 

 

Chapter 7: Ownership structure

back to top

Deck of Cards
startHiddenfalse
historyfalse
idMedia Politics
effectTypeslide
loopCardstrue
Card
idVideo1
labelVideo
effectTypeslide

Chapter 7: Ownership Structure

Video player
Height324
IdIraq 8
Filehttp://medien.cedis.fu-berlin.de/int_komm/Film_Mediensystem/Film Iraq/08_Ownership Structure.mp4
Width576

 

Card
idtry1
labelScript English
titletry here
effectTypeslide
 

The oil sector dominates the Iraqi economy, as it provides nearly 95% of its income. Iraq was a founding member of OPEC and began the oil industry in 1925. It is considered a rich country, where its oil reserves come second after Saudi Arabia’s reserves, and it is estimated to be 150 billion barrels. The major part of the oil reserves is concentrated in the southern regions and it amounts to 71% of the total reserves, while the reserves in the the center and north of the country are estimated to be 12%.

Interview with Dr. Kazem Almeqdadi

Iraqi media is financed by many sources. The main source is the religious parties, which are financed by regional countries, in particular Iran. It funds some of the Iraqi satellite channels that represent the so-called political Islam, and those approach only one sect.

There is also the financing by Iraqi businessmen, who own banks, or have wealth. These businessmen own many of the satellite channels and usually direct their messages to the politicians aiming to blackmail them, so they can get contracts for mega projects, or a political position.

Even though the Iraqi economy depends on oil, this economy did not contribute to the finance of the Iraqi media, i.e. the national economy. Unfortunately, the only case is the case of the Al-Iraqiya and the Iraqi Media Network, that receive funding from the state. The rest of the media, receive suspicious funding, meaning that they do not serve the national Iraqi interest.

 

*******************************************

There is no red line imposed on the ownership of media in Iraq, however, in reality it is the capital who controls the media. The capital has become powerful after 2003, especially the political, partisan and religious capital. Those who have this power, are the ones who establish media outlets.

 

Worth noting, most media outlets that emerged after 2003, were means to promote factional, partisan, political and religious interests, which made its coverage unprofessional. However, many known journalists established their own media outlets and were appreciated and distinguished by Iraqis for their professionalism. This was not the case with media outlets that were established by people who have no relation to the profession of journalism and all what they have is their money and power. 

 

Saa’d Albazzaz, head of the Independent Media Group.

He was born in Nineveh governorate in 1952. He is an Iraqi journalist and a business man, who left to London in 1992, after a dispute with the old Iraqi regime, in which he held many media positions, including the vice head of the journalists’ syndicate, who was at the time Uday Saddam Hussein. He established “Azzaman” newspaper in London, which was an opponent to the regime, and established the satellite channel “Al Sharqiya” in 2004, which developed into various TV channels.

Fakhri Karim, head of Almada Institute for Culture and Arts

He is an Iraqi Kurd, born in 1942. He established a publishing house called “Ibn Elshaa’b” in 1959. In 1970, he was elected as the head of the journalists’ syndicate. In 1983, he established “Almada Institute for Culture and Arts” in Damascus, as a pan Arab cultural institute. His media institution owns today a radio station, TV channel and a widely spread daily newspaper and they are all called “Almada”.

A’wn Hussain Alkhashluk, head of Al Baghdadia

He is an Iraqi business man born in 1961 in the city of Qalat Sukkar in Dhi Qar governorate. He left Iraq in 1979 and received his PhD in civil engineering. He founded “Alkhashluk” Investment Group, which operates in Europe, USA, Britain, Africa, UAE and Turkey. He owns Al Baghdadia channel, which is considered one of the most important Iraqi channels.

Nuri al-Maliki, an Iraqi politician, holds a bachelor's degree from the Faculty of Theology in Baghdad and a master's degree in Arabic from the University of Salahaddin in Erbil. After the decision of the former regime to ban the Da’wa Party, he fled to Syria. After the occupation of Iraq, he became the prime minister in 2006, and he supervises “Afaq” channel.

Ammar Abdul Aziz Mohsen Hakim, an Iraqi politician and cleric, born in 1971. He is the grandson of the religious figure, Mohsen al-Hakim, the Shiite cleric. He left Iraq in 1979 with his father and studied at a secondary school in the Iranian capital of Tehran. Then completed his university studies in the city of Qom, where he earned a law degree. He supervises “Al Forat”, a prominent Iraqi satellite channel.

Ali Asem Aljanabi, head of “Al Rasheed institute for media services”

He was born in Baghdad in 1964. Holds a master’s degree in economy. He is the brother of Saa’d Asem Aljanabi, a well-known politician who heads the Iraqi Republican Assembly, and also runs many companies, in addition to being the original founder of Al Rashid.

Al Rashid institute operates Al Rashid TV channel, which was established in January 6th, 2009, and Al Rashid radio stations in Baghdad, Basra, Nineveh and Kirkuk.

Card
idtry1
labelScript Arabic
effectTypeslide
 

يهيمن على الاقتصاد العراقي القطاع النفطي الذي يوفر قرابة 95 % من العائدات فالعراق هو من الدول المؤسسة لمنظمة الأوبك وبدأت صناعته عام 1925 وبذلك يُعد العراق من الدول الغنية ، حيث يحتل مخزونه الاحتياطي من النفط المرتبة الثانية بعد السعودية باحتياطي يبلغ قرابة (150,000,000,000) برميل ويتركز الجزء الأعظم من الاحتياطي النفطي في المناطق الجنوبية بما يقارب 71 % من مجموع الاحتياطي العراقي أما بالنسبة لوسط وشمال البلاد فيقدر الاحتياطي 12 %.

لقاء أ.م.د. كاظم المقدادي

وسائل الإعلام العراقية يتوزع تمويلها من اكثر من مصدر، المصدر الاساسي هي الاحزاب الدينية، والتي اساسا ً هذه الاحزاب تمول من دول اقليمية، وتحديداً من ايران التي تمول بعض الفضائيات العراقية وبالتالي هي تمثل مايعرف بالاسلام السياسي الذي يتوجه الى طائفة معنية.

هناك ايضا ًتمويل اخر من رجال الاعمال العراقيين اصحاب مصارف اومن يمتلكون ثروة طائلة، حيث يمتلكون الكثير من الفضائيات، هؤلاء يوجهون بعض خطاباتهم الإعلامية الى السياسيين بهدف الابتزاز للحصول على بعض المقاولات الكبيرة جدا وبعض المشاريع الكبيرة او قد يسعون الى منصب سياسي.

الاقتصاد العراقي يعتمد على النفط لكن هذا الاقتصاد لم يساهم في تمويل وسائل الإعلام العراقية وهنا اقصد الاقتصاد الوطني، للأسف هذا غير موجود الا في الفضائية العراقية او شبكة الإعلام العراقي التي لا تعتمد على موارد ذاتية وانما تعتمد على الحكومة. اما بقية وسائل الإعلام فكما اشرت في البداية ذات تمويل مشبوه بمعنى انه لا يخدم التوجه الوطني العراقي.

ليس هناك من خط احمر على امتلاك وسائل الإعلام في العراق على نحو عام، لكن من يتحكم في الامر واقعيا هو رأس المال الذي ظهرت سطوته واضحة بعد عام 2003، ولاسيما راس المال السياسي والحزبي والديني فمن يمتلكون هذه السلطة هم من ينشئون وسائل الإعلام بمختلف انواعها واشكالها.

والملحوظة الجديرة بالاهتمام ان معظم المؤسسات الإعلامية التي ظهرت بعد عام 2003 كانت محطات للترويج لمنافع واغراض فئوية وحزبية وسياسية ودينية مما جعل خطابها غير مهني، لكن إعلاميين معروفين دخلوا على الوسط الإعلامي وانشئوا مؤسسات إعلامية تميزت بمهنيتها وحضيت باهتمام الشارع العراقي، على خلاف المؤسسات الاخرى التي اسسها اشخاص لا علاقة لهم بمهنة الإعلام وكل ما يمتلكونه هو المال والسلطة السياسية اوالحزبية او الدينية او الفئوية او العرقية.

سعد البزاز رئيس مجموعة الاعلام المستقل

هومن مواليد محافظة نينوى 1952، إعلامي عراقي ورجل اعمال يعيش في لندن بعد ان غادر العراقفي عام 1992 بعد خلافه مع النظام السابق الذي تقلد فيه مناصب اعلامية عديدة ابرزها نائب عدي صدام حسين حينما كان نقيبا للصحفيين، واسس في لندن جريدة الزمان المعارضة للنظام واسس قناة الشرقية في عام 2004 التي تطورت وتحولت الى قنوات عديدة.

فخري كريم، رئيس مؤسسة المدى للإعلام والثقافة والفنون

عراقي كردي من مواليد 1942، أسس في عام 1959 دار (ابن الشعب) للنشر والطباعة والتوزيع، انتخب نائباً لنقيب الصحفيين العراقيين عام 1970، ثم اسس (دار المدى للإعلام للثقافة والفنون) عام 1983 في دمشق بوصفها مؤسسة ثقافية عربية ، ومؤسسته الإعلامية تمتلك حاليا محطة اذاعية وقناة فضائية وصحيفة يومية واسعة الانتشار تحمل جميعها اسم المدى.

عون حسين الخشلوك رئيس مجموعة البغدادية الإعلامية

رجل اعمال عراقي، ولد في مدينة قلعة سكر في 1961 في محافظة ذي قار، غادر العراق عام 1979، وحصل على شهادة الدكتوراه في الهندسة المدنية، اسس مجموعة الخشلوك الاستثمارية التجارية التي تعمل في اوربا والولايات المتحدة وبريطانيا وأفريقيا والإمارات العربية المتحدة وتركيا وهو يملك الان قناة البغدادية الفضائية التي تُعد واحدة من اهم القنوات العراقية الفضائية.

نوري المالكي.. سياسي عراقي حاصل على شهادة البكالوريوس من كلية أصول الدين في بغداد، وشهادة الماجستير في اللغة العربية من جامعة صلاح الدين في أربيل. غادر العراق بعد ما أصدر النظام السابق قرارا حظر بموجبه حزب الدعوة الذي ينتمي اليه ثم لجأ إلى سوريا. وبعد احتلال العراق في عام2003 اصبح رئيسا للوزراء عام 2006 وهو يشرف على قناة آفاق الفضائية.

عمار عبد العزيز محسن الحكيم، سياسي ورجل دين عراقي ولد في عام 1971 حفيد المرجع الديني محسن الحكيم المرجع الشيعي في العراق، غادر العراق عام 1979 برفقة والده ودرس بإحدى ثانويات العاصمة الإيرانية طهران ثم أكمل دراسته الجامعية في مدينة قم وحصل على شهادة القانون، وهو يشرف بشكل مباشر على قناة الفرات الفضائية التي تعد من القنوات الفضائية العراقية البارزة.

علي عاصم الجنابي رئيس مجموعة ادارة مؤسسة الرشيد للخدمات الإعلامية

ولد في بغداد عام1964 يحمل شهادة الماجستير في الاقتصاد شقيق سعد عاصم الجنابي السياسي المعروف ورئيس التجمع الجمهوري العراقي والذي يدير شركات تجارية عديدة وهو المؤسس الحقيقي لادارة مؤسسة الرشيد، هذه المؤسسة التي تضم قناة الرشيد الفضائية التي تاسست في 6 كانون الثاني من عام 2009، فضلا اذاعات الرشيد في محافظات بغداد والبصرة ونينوى وكركوك.

Card
idLM2
labelSources & Additional Learning Material
effectTypeslide

 

Chapter 8: Journalism & how to become a Journalist

back to top

Deck of Cards
startHiddenfalse
historyfalse
idMedia Politics
effectTypeslide
loopCardstrue
Card
idVideo1
labelVideo
effectTypeslide
Chapter 8: Journalism

Video player
Height324
IdIraq 9
Filehttp://medien.cedis.fu-berlin.de/int_komm/Film_Mediensystem/Film Iraq/09_Journalism.mp4
Width576

Card
idtry1
labelScript English
titletry here
effectTypeslide
 

Since I was young, I like journalism, and I wished to work for a media institution as I thought that the national issues, needs to reach the media.

Journalism and media is a hobby, those who look to make money, do not enter this domain.

When I was a child, I used to sit in front of the mirror as if I was a TV host. My father, was a prominent media and academic figure Dr. Muzaffar Mandoub, may he rest in peace. When my brother thought I was crazy, my father smiled and said I was not a crazy and I would be one day a journalist.

I had the desire to work in the media, so I can be a TV host. I started at Al Iraqiya as a news editor and received a lot of support from the director of the channel, Abd Eljabbar Alshabout.

I wanted to work in the media even before I entered the journalism school, and then I did my internship at “Al Rashid” TV channel.

Many ask us how they can be journalists. You need three keys to become a journalist: the talent, the academic education, and to love your profession and work hard to express the concerns of your society.

The journalist is the mirror of the society. Journalism can be the profession of troubles, but the fatigue disappears as soon as you manage to convey your message to others.

Interview with Muayad Al Lami

The Iraqi Journalists Syndicate is responsible for all Iraqi journalists working in media institutions, including TV channels, radio stations, press agencies, newspapers as well as periodicals.

The reality on the ground requires a body that protects these journalists and provides them with training workshops.

The syndicate are for professional journalist and not for amateurs. In order to join the syndicate, one should be working for an accredited media institution. The journalist will also be subject to a test. Also freelance journalists can join the syndicate but they have to go through the editorial and practical tests. A member can be a Photographer, reporter, editor, editorial secretary, chief editor or anyone who works in the media.

The syndicate’s role is not limited to Iraq. It is currently heading the Federation of Arab Journalists, which includes 21 Arab countries. It is a member of the International Federation of Journalists, its main office is located in Brussels and it includes about one million members from 140  countries.

The Syndicate is influential and considered the fourth estate. Its power is equivalent to the power of the judicial, legislative and executive authorities.

Iraq has the highest number of martyrs in the world. It might have more victims than the victims of World War II and the Vietnam War. It has also a high number of journalist-martyrs. Since 2003, over 420 journalists were killed by militants, terrorists attacks or  US forces.

Card
idtry1
labelScript

...

idLM2
labelSources & Additional Learning Material
effectTypeslide

 

Chapter 8: Journalism & how to become a Journalist

back to top

Deck of Cards
startHiddenfalse
historyfalse
idMedia Politics
effectTypeslide
loopCardstrue
Card
idVideo1
labelVideo
effectTypeslide
Chapter 8: Journalism

Video player
Height324
IdIraq 9
Filehttp://medien.cedis.fu-berlin.de/int_komm/Film_Mediensystem/Film Iraq/09_Journalism.mp4
Width576

Card
idtry1
labelScript English
titletry here
effectTypeslide
 
Card
idtry1
labelScript Arabic
effectTypeslide
 
Card
idLM2
labelSources & Additional Learning Material
effectTypeslide

 

...

Deck of Cards
startHiddenfalse
historyfalse
idMedia Politics
effectTypeslide
loopCardstrue
Card
idVideo1
labelVideo
effectTypeslide
Chapter 9: Social Media
Video player
Height324
IdIraq 10
Filehttp://medien.cedis.fu-berlin.de/int_komm/Film_Mediensystem/Film Iraq/10_Social Media.mp4
Width576
Card
idtry1
labelScript English
titletry here
effectTypeslide
effectTypeslide
 

People vary in their use of media, including traditional or electronic. What are the communication means you prefer; mobile phone, iPad, laptop, or other, and why?.

I prefer the electronic.

At these times, I prefer the electronic media.

I prefer the electronic, like the mobile.

Electronic is better, like the mobile.

Electronic media, because its faster in terms of use and in terms of access to information.

Everything is within reach by the mobile, we can get any information, we can get to newspapers, television and radio. They all have sites on the Internet.

The electronic media overshadowed the traditional

The mobile, because it is easy to hold and to access any information I need.

I prefer the traditional media, starting with the TV, then the radio and lastly the newspapers.

I prefer the traditional because it has more credibility. Even though some channels promote rumors and disinformation, I generally prefer the traditional.

The traditional is considered a reliable source and when it passes information, it is sourced by an institution or a person, who is held responsible for the information.

Interview with Dr. Abd Al Amir Faisal, Electronic Media, Baghdad University

Iraq, like other countries in the world, is up to date with technological developments. It has the infrastructure, which helps the citizens to use it easily. The small electronic devices have encouraged this trend. In addition, the increase in mobile usage among people in the age range of 10-40 years or even up to 50 years, enabled them to consume the electronic media.

Today, 80% of the Iraqis use electronic media due to the availability of internet and the required devices, which made internet the favorite media source.

The difficulties facing the traditional Iraqi media, have contributes to this trend, including the decline in newspapers due to lack of funding. In some newspapers the number of pages have shrank. The highest number of print for any Iraqi paper is 7000 copy only and this number is only relevant for the prominent papers. The number of copies for smaller papers is between 1000 to 3000 copies, daily. The total number of Iraqi newspapers copies, don’t reach more than 100.000.

100,000 (5) 100,000* 5 = 500,000  30,000,000

If you multiply 100.000 by 5, which is the highest rate according to International institutions, equals 500.000, this is half million copy. How will half million copy make an impact among 30 Million people.

Therefore, the alternative to this media is the electronic media, and that is why electronic media occupies the first place, followed by the TV satellite channels, then the newspapers and the Radios.

 

 

Since I was young, I like journalism, and I wished to work for a media institution as I thought that the national issues, needs to reach the media.

Journalism and media is a hobby, those who look to make money, do not enter this domain.

When I was a child, I used to sit in front of the mirror as if I was a TV host. My father, was a prominent media and academic figure Dr. Muzaffar Mandoub, may he rest in peace. When my brother thought I was crazy, my father smiled and said I was not a crazy and I would be one day a journalist.

I had the desire to work in the media, so I can be a TV host. I started at Al Iraqiya as a news editor and received a lot of support from the director of the channel, Abd Eljabbar Alshabout.

I wanted to work in the media even before I entered the journalism school, and then I did my internship at “Al Rashid” TV channel.

Many ask us how they can be journalists. You need three keys to become a journalist: the talent, the academic education, and to love your profession and work hard to express the concerns of your society.

The journalist is the mirror of the society. Journalism can be the profession of troubles, but the fatigue disappears as soon as you manage to convey your message to others.

Interview with Muayad Al Lami

The Iraqi Journalists Syndicate is responsible for all Iraqi journalists working in media institutions, including TV channels, radio stations, press agencies, newspapers as well as periodicals.

The reality on the ground requires a body that protects these journalists and provides them with training workshops.

The syndicate are for professional journalist and not for amateurs. In order to join the syndicate, one should be working for an accredited media institution. The journalist will also be subject to a test. Also freelance journalists can join the syndicate but they have to go through the editorial and practical tests. A member can be a Photographer, reporter, editor, editorial secretary, chief editor or anyone who works in the media.

The syndicate’s role is not limited to Iraq. It is currently heading the Federation of Arab Journalists, which includes 21 Arab countries. It is a member of the International Federation of Journalists, its main office is located in Brussels and it includes about one million members from 140  countries.

The Syndicate is influential and considered the fourth estate. Its power is equivalent to the power of the judicial, legislative and executive authorities.

Iraq has the highest number of martyrs in the world. It might have more victims than the victims of World War II and the Vietnam War. It has also a high number of journalist-martyrs. Since 2003, over 420 journalists were killed by militants, terrorists attacks or  US forces.

Card
idtry1
labelScript Arabic
effectTypeslide
 
Card
idLM2
labelSources & Additional Learning Material
effectTypeslide

 

...