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Chapter Three: Society & Areas of Conflict
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Iraqi society consists of several religious, ethnic and social groups. However, Iraqis are equal citizens before the law without discrimination based on sex, race, nationality, religion, sect, or the belief. Islam is considered the official religion of the state, as 97% of the population are Muslims. Sunni and Shiit sects are the two fundamental components of this religion in the Iraqi society. Islam is spread all over Iraq and then comes Christianity, Sabians, Mandaeans and Yazidis. Christianity is considered the second followed religion after Islam, and it is acknowledged by the Iraqi constitution, including 14 Christian denominations in the country. They all speak Arabic, in addition to small percentage of Syriac and Armenian speakers. Christians reside in all governorates of Iraq in various numbers, but the larger numbers are concentrated in Baghdad and in northren Iraq, especially in Nineveh valley next to Mosul. Arabs compose the majority of the population (75-80% of the total population), followed by the Kurds (12-18%). This diversity and mixture have resulted in the emergence of different groups and communities, where different religion believes or ethnicities are merged. For example, there is a group called “Al-Shabak”, that lives in east of Musel, and includes different nationalities; Arabs, Kurds and Turkmans. The main three nationalities in Iraq, are Arabs, Kurds and Turkmans. Dr. Sarmad Ahmad Alsalmani Iraq’s contemporary history, according to many observers, is divided into two parts, the first one refers to the era before 2003 and the second is after 2003. The conflict areas have changed between the two eras, and this is due to the political, demographic and geopolitical change in Iraq. This change has also overshadowed the media, which became more open and free with multi-outlets and satellite channels. This change has led to broader and bigger media landscape and that is why we see how media coverage of conflict areas vary between the different media outlets. This difference is usually attributed to the finance, the political orientation, the policy, and the strategy of the channel. For an example, if we look at the media landscape today, we see that terrorism is one of the most issues discussed by the media. Indeed, Iraq today is where terrorism is practiced massively, and where the conflict zones are increasing. Therefore, TV channels discuss the issue accordingly, but we can’t find any of them who discusses it impartially and objectively. These channels are divided into those who do not give much importance to terrorism and ISIS threat, and this is related to the channels policy. The other part includes the channels who inflate the issue beyond reality. This is also due to political reasons but also could be due to problematic professional morals. We look today for channels that discuss these issues impartially, objectively and accurately, which can portray the threats of ISIS and its ideology. We are facing today not only an ideological invasion, but also an intellectual invasion that is storming our region. |
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يتشكل المجتمع العراقي من مكونات مختلفة دينية وعرقية واجتماعية في نسيج كبير يجمع بينهم الوطن الواحد، فالعراقيون متساوون أمام القانون دون تمييزٍ بسبب الجنس أو العرق أو القومية أو الدين أو المذهب أو حتى المعتقد. ويعد الدين الإسلامي وهو الدين الرسمي للدولة أكبر ديانة في العراق من حيث عدد معتنقيه، حيث يعتنقه حوالي 97% من السكان، ويشكل المذهبان السني والشيعي ركناً أساسياً في هذا الدين وفي المجتمع العراقي. ويتواجد هذا الدين في محافظات العراق كافة ، وتأتي بعده المسيحية ثم الصابئية المندائية والايزيدية. وتعد المسيحية ثاني ديانة من حيث الإتباع بعد الإسلام وهي ديانة معترف بها حسب الدستورالعراقي، الذي أقر أربعة عشر طائفة مسيحية في العراق مسموح التعبير بها ويتحدث غالبتهم اللغة العربية كلغة أم، في حين إن نسبة منهم يتحدثون اللغة السريانية بلهجاتها العديدة واللغة الأرمينية. ويتواجد المسيحيون في محافظات العراق كافة بنسب متفاوته ولكن وجودهم يتركز في بغداد وفي شمال العراق في منطقة سهل نينوى قرب الموصل. لكن القومية العربية تقريبا تشكل غالبية السكان بنسبة تتراوح مابين (75-80 %) من السكان أما الأكراد فنسبتهم حوالي 12 إلى 18 من نسبة السكان والقوميات الأخرى. أدى هذا التجاور والاختلاط إلى نشوء فرق ومذاهب تمتزج فيها كل المؤثرات الدينية والعرقية، فهناك جماعة تضم في صفوفها خليط من عدة قوميات عربية وكردية وتركمانية، تقطن في الجانب الشرقي من الموصل تسمى الشبك أما على صعيد القوميات الرئيسة في العراق فهي العربية ثم الكردية ثم التركمانية. في العراق وفي أخر إحصائية لوزارة التخطيط في عام 2014 كشفت إن عدد الذكورتزيد بنسبة بسيطة عن الاناث اذ يبلغ عدد الذكور (18,250.000) وهو أعلى من عدد الإناث الذي يبلغ (17,500,000). لقاء أ.م.د. سرمد أحمد السلماني المتابع للمشهد العراقي يقسم المشهد العراقي الى جزئين او قسمين، القسم الاول ما قبل عام2003 والقسم الثاني ما بعد 2003، مناطق النزاع ومناطق النفوذ اختلفت ما بين المشهدين وهذا الاختلاف بسبب التغيير السياسي والتغيير الديموغرافي والتغيير الجيوسياسي الذي طرأ على الساحة العراقية، هذا التغيير القى بضلاله على وسائل الإعلام، فاصبح الاعلام منفتحاَ اكثر، إعلام حر اكثر بتعدد وسائل الاعلام وبتعدد الاقنية الفضائية. برز هذا التعدد وهذا التغيير بصورة اوسع وبصورة اكبر، لذلك نرى التغطية الإعلامية لمناطق النزاع والمناطق المتنازع عليها تختلف مابين وسيلة إعلامية واخرى، مابين قناة وقناة وهذا الاختلاف يعزى الى تمويل القناة، التوجه السياسي للقناة، سياسة القناة، الاستراتيجية التي تدار بها هذه القناة. على سبيل الافتراض لو شاهدنا المشهد الإعلامي اليوم وما هي القضايا التي تطفو على السطح وتلقى بنفسها بشدة، فقضية الارهاب اليوم من اكثر القضايا التي تتناولها الاقنية الفضائية ووسائل الاعلام بكافة تفصيلاتها، الساحة العراقية اليوم احد الساحات التي يمارس بها الارهاب بشدة وبقوة، مناطق النزاع والمناطق الساخنة بدأت تكبر على الساحة العراقية، بدأت تتناول هذه القنوات قضية الارهاب ايضا بجزأين فلا نكاد نرى قناة تتناول هذه المسألة بحيادية او حتى بموضوعية. فانقسمت هنا وسائل الإعلام والقنوات ايضا الى قسمين، قسم لايعطي الأهمية الكبرى والحقيقية لمسألة الارهاب وخطر داعش وللارهاب الذي بدأ يعصف بالبلاد وطبعا تعزى هذه الاسباب ايضا للسياسة والنهج الذي تنتهجه قناة. ووسائل اعلام اخرى تضخم المسألة اكبر مما هي عليه تكاد تكون الاسباب سياسية او اسباب اخلاقية كاخلاقيات العمل الإعلامي. نحن نبحث اليوم عن قنوات تتناول هذا الموضوع بحيادية وبموضوعية وبدقة، تبرزالاخطار الذي يسببها هذا التنظيم والفكر، نحن اليوم امام غزو فكري ليس فقط غزو عقائدي يكاد يعصف بافكار البلاد والأمة على حد سواء. |
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Chapter four: General Information about the Media System
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The Iraqi media have changed a lot in the aftermath of 2003, especially the widespread of newspapers and the freedom of publishing, in the absence of any regulations.
And after the diminishing of the copyright regulations, which were prevalent in Iraq under Saddam's regime, and the decision of the head of civil administration, Bremer, to dismantle the ministry of information, which was responsible for regulating the copyright in IrThe “Iraqi Media Network” was established. It was a semi-governmental institution that adopted the publishing of a daily newspaper called “Alsabah”, other TV and Radio channels, and some other print media. The head of this network is appointed by the Prime Minister, and it is directly subject to the government.
“Alsabah” newspaper is the most important newspaper in Iraq, considering the big financial support it receives from the government, and it’s viewed by the population as the official mouthpiece of the government. This paper makes large profits due to its monopoly over the governmental ads. It was established in 19.5.2003, its first chief editor was Ismail Zayer, and it’s still published until today.
The second most popular newspaper is “Azzaman” and it’s an international Iraqi paper, published by “Azzaman Institute for Journalism and Publishing”. Its founder and head of its board is Saa’d Albazzaz. Its first trial edition was published in 1.4.1998 in London. Later on, a first-in Iraq-edition was published in Basra province in 9.4.2003 following the American invasion. The paper is printed with “The Basra edition” stamp on its first page as it was published in Bahrain and distributed in Basra. Its chief editor is Dr. Ahmad Abd Elmajid.
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Chapter 7: Ownership Structure
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The oil sector dominates the Iraqi economy, as it provides nearly 95% of its income. Iraq was a founding member of OPEC and began the oil industry in 1925. It is considered a rich country, where its oil reserves come second after Saudi Arabia’s reserves, and it is estimated to be 150 billion barrels. The major part of the oil reserves is concentrated in the southern regions and it amounts to 71% of the total reserves, while the reserves in the the center and north of the country are estimated to be 12%. Interview with Dr. Kazem Almeqdadi Iraqi media is financed by many sources. The main source is the religious parties, which are financed by regional countries, in particular Iran. It funds some of the Iraqi satellite channels that represent the so-called political Islam, and those approach only one sect. There is also the financing by Iraqi businessmen, who own banks, or have wealth. These businessmen own many of the satellite channels and usually direct their messages to the politicians aiming to blackmail them, so they can get contracts for mega projects, or a political position. Even though the Iraqi economy depends on oil, this economy did not contribute to the finance of the Iraqi media, i.e. the national economy. Unfortunately, the only case is the case of the Al-Iraqiya and the Iraqi Media Network, that receive funding from the state. The rest of the media, receive suspicious funding, meaning that they do not serve the national Iraqi interest.
******************************************* There is no red line imposed on the ownership of media in Iraq, however, in reality it is the capital who controls the media. The capital has become powerful after 2003, especially the political, partisan and religious capital. Those who have this power, are the ones who establish media outlets.
Worth noting, most media outlets that emerged after 2003, were means to promote factional, partisan, political and religious interests, which made its coverage unprofessional. However, many known journalists established their own media outlets and were appreciated and distinguished by Iraqis for their professionalism. This was not the case with media outlets that were established by people who have no relation to the profession of journalism and all what they have is their money and power.
Saa’d Albazzaz, head of the Independent Media Group. He was born in Nineveh governorate in 1952. He is an Iraqi journalist and a business man, who left to London in 1992, after a dispute with the old Iraqi regime, in which he held many media positions, including the vice head of the journalists’ syndicate, who was at the time Uday Saddam Hussein. He established “Azzaman” newspaper in London, which was an opponent to the regime, and established the satellite channel “Al Sharqiya” in 2004, which developed into various TV channels. Fakhri Karim, head of Almada Institute for Culture and Arts He is an Iraqi Kurd, born in 1942. He established a publishing house called “Ibn Elshaa’b” in 1959. In 1970, he was elected as the head of the journalists’ syndicate. In 1983, he established “Almada Institute for Culture and Arts” in Damascus, as a pan Arab cultural institute. His media institution owns today a radio station, TV channel and a widely spread daily newspaper and they are all called “Almada”. A’wn Hussain Alkhashluk, head of Al Baghdadia He is an Iraqi business man born in 1961 in the city of Qalat Sukkar in Dhi Qar governorate. He left Iraq in 1979 and received his PhD in civil engineering. He founded “Alkhashluk” Investment Group, which operates in Europe, USA, Britain, Africa, UAE and Turkey. He owns Al Baghdadia channel, which is considered one of the most important Iraqi channels. Nuri al-Maliki, an Iraqi politician, holds a bachelor's degree from the Faculty of Theology in Baghdad and a master's degree in Arabic from the University of Salahaddin in Erbil. After the decision of the former regime to ban the Da’wa Party, he fled to Syria. After the occupation of Iraq, he became the prime minister in 2006, and he supervises “Afaq” channel. Ammar Abdul Aziz Mohsen Hakim, an Iraqi politician and cleric, born in 1971. He is the grandson of the religious figure, Mohsen al-Hakim, the Shiite cleric. He left Iraq in 1979 with his father and studied at a secondary school in the Iranian capital of Tehran. Then completed his university studies in the city of Qom, where he earned a law degree. He supervises “Al Forat”, a prominent Iraqi satellite channel. Ali Asem Aljanabi, head of “Al Rasheed institute for media services” He was born in Baghdad in 1964. Holds a master’s degree in economy. He is the brother of Saa’d Asem Aljanabi, a well-known politician who heads the Iraqi Republican Assembly, and also runs many companies, in addition to being the original founder of Al Rashid. Al Rashid institute operates Al Rashid TV channel, which was established in January 6th, 2009, and Al Rashid radio stations in Baghdad, Basra, Nineveh and Kirkuk. |
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Chapter 9: Social Media
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Since I was young, I like journalism, and I wished to work for a media institution as I thought that the national issues, needs to reach the media. Journalism and media is a hobby, those who look to make money, do not enter this domain. When I was a child, I used to sit in front of the mirror as if I was a TV host. My father, was a prominent media and academic figure Dr. Muzaffar Mandoub, may he rest in peace. When my brother thought I was crazy, my father smiled and said I was not a crazy and I would be one day a journalist. I had the desire to work in the media, so I can be a TV host. I started at Al Iraqiya as a news editor and received a lot of support from the director of the channel, Abd Eljabbar Alshabout. I wanted to work in the media even before I entered the journalism school, and then I did my internship at “Al Rashid” TV channel. Many ask us how they can be journalists. You need three keys to become a journalist: the talent, the academic education, and to love your profession and work hard to express the concerns of your society. The journalist is the mirror of the society. Journalism can be the profession of troubles, but the fatigue disappears as soon as you manage to convey your message to others. Interview with Muayad Al Lami The Iraqi Journalists Syndicate is responsible for all Iraqi journalists working in media institutions, including TV channels, radio stations, press agencies, newspapers as well as periodicals. The reality on the ground requires a body that protects these journalists and provides them with training workshops. The syndicate are for professional journalist and not for amateurs. In order to join the syndicate, one should be working for an accredited media institution. The journalist will also be subject to a test. Also freelance journalists can join the syndicate but they have to go through the editorial and practical tests. A member can be a Photographer, reporter, editor, editorial secretary, chief editor or anyone who works in the media. The syndicate’s role is not limited to Iraq. It is currently heading the Federation of Arab Journalists, which includes 21 Arab countries. It is a member of the International Federation of Journalists, its main office is located in Brussels and it includes about one million members from 140 countries. The Syndicate is influential and considered the fourth estate. Its power is equivalent to the power of the judicial, legislative and executive authorities. Iraq has the highest number of martyrs in the world. It might have more victims than the victims of World War II and the Vietnam War. It has also a high number of journalist-martyrs. Since 2003, over 420 journalists were killed by militants, terrorists attacks or US forces. |
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Chapter 10: Outro
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People vary in their use of media, including traditional or electronic. What are the communication means you prefer; mobile phone, iPad, laptop, or other, and why?
I prefer the electronic.
At these times, I prefer the electronic media.
I prefer the electronic, like the mobile.
Electronic is better, like the mobile.
Electronic media, because its faster in terms of use and in terms of access to information.
Everything is within reach by the mobile, we can get any information, we can get to newspapers, television and radio. They all have sites on the Internet.
The electronic media overshadowed the traditional media.
The mobile, because it is easy to hold and to access any information I need.
I prefer the traditional media, starting with the TV, then the radio and lastly the newspapers.
I prefer the traditional because it has more credibility. Even though some channels promote rumors and disinformation, I generally prefer the traditional.
The traditional is considered a reliable source and when it passes information, it is sourced by an institution or a person, who is held responsible for the information.
Interview with Dr. Abd Al Amir Faisal
Iraq, like other countries in the world, is up to date with technological developments. It has the infrastructure, which helps the citizens to use it easily. The small electronic devices have encouraged this trend. In addition, the increase in mobile usage among people in the age range of 10-40 years or even up to 50 years, enabled them to consume the electronic media.
Today, 80% of the Iraqis use electronic media due to the availability of internet and the required devices, which made internet the favorite media source.
The difficulties facing the traditional Iraqi media, have contributes to this trend, including the decline in newspapers due to lack of funding. In some newspapers the number of pages have shrank. The highest number of print for any Iraqi paper is 7000 copy only and this number is only relevant for the prominent papers. The number of copies for smaller papers is between 1000 to 3000 copies, daily. The total number of Iraqi newspapers copies, don’t reach more than 100.000.
If you multiply 100.000 by 5, which is the highest rate according to International institutions, equals 500.000, this is half million copy. How will half million copy make an impact among 30 Million people.
Therefore, the alternative to this media is the electronic media, and that is why electronic media occupies the first place, followed by the TV satellite channels, then the newspapers and the Radios.
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