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The High Court was unable to reach a consensus in Polyukhovich v Commonwealth (1991) 172 CLR 501 as to whether the Australian Constitution prohibits the Australian parliament from making retrospective criminal laws.  Furthermore, in Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 1, five members of the High Court rejected the existence of an implied guarantee of general legal equality in the Australian Constitution (Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 1 44-45 (Brennan CJ), 63-68 (Dawson J, with whom McHugh J agreed at 142), 112-113 (Gaudron J), 153-155 (Gummow J)).

Panel
Further Reading

Gerard Brennan, 'The Parliament, the Executive and the Courts: Roles and Immunities' (1997) 9(2) Bond Law Review 136.

Duncan Kerr and George Williams, 'Review of Executive Action and the Rule of Law under the Australian Constitution' (2003) 14 Public Law Review 219.

Wendy Lacey, 'Liberty, Legality and Limited Government: Section 75(v) of the Constitution' (Paper delivered at 12th Annual Public Law Weekend, AustralianNationalUniversity, 9 November 2007).

Andrew Leigh, 'Tenure' in Tony Blackshield, Michael Coper and George Williams (2003) Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia 664.

Leighton McDonald, 'Rule of Law' in Tony Blackshield, Michael Coper and George Williams (2003) Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia 610.

Michael McHugh, 'Does Chapter III of the Constitution Protect Substantive as Well as Procedural Rights?' (2001) 21 Australian Bar Review 235.

Ninian Stephen, 'Independence, judicial' in Tony Blackshield, Michael Coper and George Williams (2003) Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia 338.

George Williams, 'Judicial Review' in Tony Blackshield, Michael Coper and George Williams (2003) Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia 376.

George Williams, 'Human Rights and Judicial Review in a Nation without a Bill of Rights: The Australian Experience' (2004a) 23 Supreme Court Law Review (2d) 305.

George Williams, 'The Constitutional Role of the Courts: A Perspective from a Nation without a Bill of Rights' (2004b) 2 New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law 25.